氮肥底追比例及施硫对小麦氮素吸收利用的调控

为明确氮肥底追比例与施硫间的互作效应,采用盆栽方式,以京冬8号和济麦20为供试材料,设置氮肥底追比例为3∶7(N_1)、5∶5(N_2)和7∶3(N_3)3个处理水平,每个底追比例下设置2个硫肥施用量:0kg·hm~(-2)(S0)和45kg·hm~(-2)(S_1),运用15N示踪技术研究开花期、成熟期营养器官及籽粒中氮素积累、分配以及对不同来源氮素利用的情况,同时对花后营养器官贮藏氮素的转运、对籽粒的贡献率及氮素利用效率进行分析比较。结果表明,2个小麦品种植株中积累氮素主要来自肥料氮,京冬8号成熟期来自肥料氮的积累量达60%~70%,而济麦20则达70%~80%。氮肥底追比例及硫肥互作对2个品种氮素吸收、转运和分配的影响存在差异,其中京冬8号成熟期籽粒氮素积累量、营养器官贮藏氮素花后的转运量、转运率、对籽粒的贡献率、籽粒产量以及氮肥的利用效率均在N_1S_0时较高;济麦20营养器官贮藏氮素花后的转运量、转运率、对籽粒的贡献率在N1S0时较高,而在N3S1时,成熟期籽粒氮素积累量、籽粒产量、氮肥的利用效率均较高。综上所述,本试验栽培环境下,氮肥底追比例为N1时能够提高花前贮藏氮素的转运量、转运率、对籽粒的贡献率、籽粒蛋白质含量及氮素收获指数;氮肥底追比例为N3时有利于提高籽粒产量、氮肥生产效率。综合考虑籽粒产量、氮肥生产效率、氮肥利用效率和氮素收获指数,京冬8号最优肥料组合为N_1S_0,济麦20最优肥料组合为N_3S_1。本研究结果为冬小麦大田生产中合理的肥料运筹提供了理论参考。     

盐碱地土壤：氧化亚氮和二氧化碳排放的潜在来源？

Increasing salt-affected agricultural land due to low precipitation,high surface evaporation,irrigation with saline water,and poor cultural practices has triggered the interest to understand the influence of salt on nitrous oxide(N_2O) and carbon dioxide(CO_2)emissions from soil.Three soils with varying electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract(EC_e)(0.44-7.20 dS m~(-1)) and sodium adsorption ratio of saturated paste extract(SARe)(1.0-27.7),two saline-sodic soils(S2 and S3) and a non-saline,non-sodic soil(S1),were incubated at moisture levels of 40%,60%,and 80%water-filled pore space(WFPS) for 30 d,with or without nitrogen(N)fertilizer addition(urea at 525 μg g~(-1) soil).Evolving CO_2 and N2 O were estimated by analyzing the collected gas samples during the incubation period.Across all moisture and N levels,the cumulative N_2O emissions increased significantly by 39.8%and 42.4%in S2 and S3,respectively,compared to S1.The cumulative CO_2 emission from the three soils did not differ significantly as a result of the complex interactions of salinity and sodicity.Moisture had no significant effect on N_2O emissions,but cumulative CO_2 emissions increased significantly with an increase in moisture.Addition of N significantly increased cumulative N_2O and CO_2 emissions.These showed that saline-sodic soils can be a significant contributor of N_2O to the environment compared to non-saline,non-sodic soils.The application of N fertilizer,irrigation,and precipitation may potentially increase greenhouse gas(N2O and CO_2) releases from saline-sodic soils.     

Soil Carbon Dynamics Under Changing Climate——A Research Transition from Absolute to Relative Roles of Inorganic Nitrogen Pools and Associated Microbial Processes: A Review

It is globally accepted that soil carbon (C) dynamics are at the core of interlinked environmental problems,deteriorating soil quality and changing climate.Its management remains a complex enigma for the scientific community due to its intricate relationship with soil nitrogen (N) availability and moisture-temperature interactions.This article reviews the management aspects of soil C dynamics in light of recent advances,particularly in relation to the availability of inorganic N pools and associated microbial processes under changing climate.Globally,drastic alterations in soil C dynamics under changing land use and management practices have been primarily attributed to the variation in soil N availability,resulting in a higher decomposition rate and a considerable decline in soil organic C (SOC) levels due to increased soil CO2 emissions,degraded soil quality,and increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations,leading to climate warming.Predicted climate warming is proposed to enhance SOC decomposition,which may further increase soil N availability,leading to higher soil CO2 efflux.However,a literature survey revealed that soil may also act as a potential C sink,if we could manage soil inorganic N pools and link microbial processes properly.Studies also indicated that the relative,rather than the absolute,availability of inorganic N pools might be of key importance under changing climate,as these N pools are variably affected by moisture-temperature interactions,and they have variable impacts on SOC turnover.Therefore,multi-factorial studies are required to understand how the relative availability of inorganic N pools and associated microbial processes may determine SOC dynamics for improved soil C management.     

二氧化碳升高与干旱对植物生理、土壤碳及土壤酶活的影响

Global climate models have indicated high probability of drought occurrences in the coming future decades due to the impacts of climate change caused by a mass release of CO2.Thus,climate change regarding elevated ambient CO2 and drought may consequently affect the growth of crops.In this study,plant physiology,soil carbon,and soil enzyme activities were measured to investigate the impacts of elevated CO2 and drought stress on a Stagnic Anthrosol planted with soybean (Glycine max).Treatments of two CO2 levels,three soil moisture levels,and two soil cover types were established.The results indicated that elevated CO2 and drought stress significantly affected plant physiology.The inhibition of plant physiology by drought stress was mediated via prompted photosynthesis and water use efficiency under elevated CO2 conditions.Elevated CO2 resulted in a longer retention time of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil,probably by improving the soil water effectiveness for organic decomposition and mineralization.Drought stress significantly decreased C:N ratio and microbial biomass carbon (MBC),but the interactive effects of drought stress and CO2 on them were not significant.Elevated CO2 induced an increase in invertase and catalase activities through stimulated plant root exudation.These results suggested that drought stress had significant negative impacts on plant physiology,soil carbon,and soil enzyme activities,whereas elevated CO2 and plant physiological feedbacks indirectly ameliorated these impacts.     

结构参数对增压器浮环轴承润滑特性和环速比的影响

基于以往对增压器的浮环轴承润滑分析中大都忽略浮环的环速比影响,或将润滑性能和环速比独立分析。该文采用数值分析方法研究了增压器浮环轴承的润滑特性和环速比,分析中考虑了转轴、浮环、轴承座之间的传热因素,基于Reynolds方程和浮环平衡方程,建立了浮环轴承润滑模型,对比分析了浮环内、外层间隙,内、外圆半径4个结构参数对浮环轴承润滑特性和环速比的影响。结果表明,实际设计浮环时,需综合考虑结构参数对浮环润滑特性和环速比的影响及影响程度;浮环内层间隙增加,环速比降低,与内层间隙0.02 mm时相比,转速60 000 r/min时,内层间隙0.04 mm时的环速比减幅达23%,内层间隙增加,内、外膜温度减小,摩擦功耗略有增加,内层间隙0.03 mm时,浮环具有较理想的润滑性能和环速比;外层间隙0.06 mm的环速比均比外层间隙0.04 mm的环速比增加30%以上,外层间隙增加,外膜温度减小,且转速越高,外膜温度减幅越大;浮环内圆半径越小,环速比越小,内、外膜温度和摩擦功耗越小,浮环润滑性能越好;浮环外圆半径增加,环速比降低,但内膜温度、外膜温度、总摩擦功耗和总端泄流量变化幅度均在5%以内,外圆半径对浮环润滑性能影响不显著;浮环实际设计时,调整内圆半径比调整外圆半径对改善浮环润滑性能更有效。     

不同光周期和红蓝光质配比对辣椒幼苗生长发育的影响

辣椒幼苗在光强(58±1)μmol/(m2·s)下,设置光周期24h(光/暗14h/10h)、12h(光/暗7h/5h)和6h(光/暗3.5h/2.5h)等3个水平,红蓝光光强比分别是7:1(7RB)和1:1(RB)等2个光质配比水平,共6个处理,经过30d后,对植株形态、生长、叶绿素含量、光合参数以及叶绿素荧光参数进行比较分析.试验表明P12-7RB下的辣椒幼苗地上干重和总叶面积最大,P6-RB处理的相对生长率(RGR)和比叶面积(SLA)比P24-RB分别高55.88%和23.62%.尽管P6-RB与P24-RB的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)无显著差异,但辣椒苗生长在P6-RB处理下表现出较高的光合系统的量子产额(ΦPSII)0.68mol/(m2·s),以及较低的非光化学淬灭(NPQ)0.17μmol/mol.P6、P12和P24处理的叶绿素含量无显著性差.RB下的幼苗与7RB下的幼苗相比具有显着更好的光合性能.试验表明辣椒可以适应非自然条件下的光周期.处理P6-RB补光参数对辣椒幼苗的生长最有利,可有效地用于植物厂,这为植物工厂延长光周期的实践应用提供了理论基础.     

淤地坝赋存信息在流域侵蚀产沙研究中的应用

黄土高原淤地坝在拦蓄大量泥沙的同时,也赋存了大量环境变化信息。该文从淤地坝赋存信息在小流域侵蚀产沙速率、泥沙来源和泥沙输移比研究方面的作用进行了归纳和总结,分析了目前研究中存在的问题,提出了今后研究的发展方向,以期能为更好地利用这些赋存信息,发挥其在黄土高原土壤侵蚀和环境演变过程研究中的作用提供参考。     

垂直轴风力机直驱热泵压缩机匹配特性研究

风能供热是多风寒冷地区,减少雾霾有效途径之一。针对垂直轴风力机直驱热泵压缩机系统,分析300 W垂直轴风力机输出和开启式涡旋压缩机输入扭矩及功率特性,研究不同风速下垂直轴风力机与开启式涡旋压缩机特殊匹配特性。根据效率理论分析匹配特性,系统选型设计时垂直轴风力机输出功率应略高于压缩机所需输入功率,通过选择合理变速比,获得垂直轴风力机设计参数,实现系统按额定工况运行。为风能供热系统参数选型提供理论参考。     

麦灰和砻糠用量与用法对雷竹林地土壤温度及笋产量的影响

雷竹(Phyllostachys violascens)是一种优良的笋用竹种,覆盖栽培能够促进雷竹经济效益的显著提升。试验研究了新型覆盖材料麦灰和砻糠的覆盖厚度和施用方法对雷竹林地温及笋产量的影响。结果表明:覆盖材料的覆盖厚度以23.0~23.5 cm为宜,即下层施用2.5~3.0 cm的麦灰作为增温层,上层以20.0~21.0 cm的砻糠作为保温层,竹林土壤可保持较高的温度,竹笋产量较高;在覆盖材料的施用方法上,以麦灰2次施入为好,第2次施入麦灰后覆盖上砻糠,可延长出笋期,而且有利于地表温度的平稳变化和提高雷竹笋产量。     

Growth and leaf chemistry of Atriplex species from Northern Mexico as affected by salt stress

Atriplex species are tolerant to salinity and water stress and thus they are suitable for restoration of many degraded ecosystems. In addition, many Atriplex species offer good value as forages. We compared growth and leaf chemistry of Atriplex canescens, a well-known halophyte, and A. acanthocarpa, a poorly-studied species, as affected by salinity in a greenhouse study. Seeds and soil were collected in northern Mexico, the native range of these species. Plants were grown in pots containing native soil and irrigated with NaCl solutions of 0, 50, and 100 mM. Shoot growth of A. canescens declined 37% as NaCl treatments increased from 0 to 100 mM while shoot growth of A acanthocarpa was not significantly affected by salinity. The high salt tolerance of A. acanthocarpa was linked to a high accumulation of leaf sodium (Na) (7- to 13-fold higher than A. canescens). A. acanthocarpa had also higher growth rate than A. canescenes, making the former species a good candidate for cultivation, especially under saline conditions. Tissue concentration of potassium (K) in both species was minimally affected by the salinity treatments. Leaf nitrogen (N) concentration increased as plants faced higher salinity treatments, especially in A. canescens. The high salt tolerance and higher Na accumulation of A. acanthocarpa make this species an attractive choice for reclamation of saline areas. We suggest A. acanthocarpa should be explored as viable forage for cultivation and for reclamation of degraded areas just as A. canescens has been throughout the world.